The population of the U.K. had inreased by 250% in the 50 years as industrialization progressed, contrast with France where the French Revolution, subsequent wars and preceding famine had kept the increase to 20%. Germany had increased by 50%, they were starting to industrialize. In Russia expansion to the South and East as well as large chunks of Poland had fueled a 75% growth in population. China was towards the end of a growth spurt. Peace, stability and agrarian advances had allowed an increase of 85%, however the Colonial powers were showing an increased interest.

"Population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every 25 years or increases in a geometrical ratio."Malthus